Mesmer's first name, Franz in German, is sometimes incorrectly given as Friedrich; an error traceable back to the title page of a little book on Mesmer and his work, published the year before his death in 1814. The author was his friend and pupil Carl Wolfart who evidently didn't know Mesmer's first name. From his marriage registration and other documents it is clear that Mesmer dropped his first name and was significantly known and recognised as Anton Mesmer.
The saga of Franz Anton Mesmer was exceedingly dramatic and extended far beyond his death. It resulted in a veritable age of Mesmerism, the vitality of which took on international interest and fascination that endured for about 140 years. Through envy, malice, greed, and misunderstanding very many of his friends and learned contemporaries regarded Mesmer's practice of magnetism as quackery, even now in the 21st century his theory of animal magnetism is still credited as having laid the foundations of modern hypnosis and suggestive therapy.
Mesmer's father, Antonius, was a forester employed by the archbishop of Constance; his mother, Maria Ursula was the daughter of a locksmith. It was a large Catholic family and not particularly prosperous, Franz Anton was the third of nine children. By all accounts, he was of copious intelligence and a somewhat high-minded individual, whose thinking was completely in keeping with his times.
The strength of Mesmerism, due mainly to the evidence of the countless indisputable cures that resulted from its use, ensured that Mesmerism came to constitute one of the first international movements of any kind. And its international vivacity was such that the anti-energetic sentiments in the mainstream modern sciences did not succeed in deconstructing it until about 1920. Even so, Mesmerism could not be erased or forgotten left three long shadows of itself, the first in the guise of hypnotism, the second in the guise of psychical research, and the third in the guise of the energetic mysteries. Now in the 21st Century with the modern understandings of physics and the technology available to measure energy fields; much of what Mesmer discovered can be scientifically demonstrated, and Mesmerism is making a comeback into the healing arts.
After preliminary studies in a local monastic school in Constance, Franz Anton Mesmer commenced the study of philosophy at the Jesuit University of Dillingen, Bavaria, changing in 1752 to theology, presumably as a scholarship student preparing for the priesthood. He continued his studies from 1753 at the University of Ingolstadt, where he soon abandoned theology. It is not known when or from what learning institution he obtained his doctorate in philosophy, but it is assumed that it was indeed awarded by the faculty of the University of Ingolstadt.
Mesmer was later educated in Vienna where he took a degree in medicine which he completed at the age of 32. He soon became convinced that the use of magnets was unnecessary and postulated that everybody possessed a magnetic force, or a fluid, which constantly connects all living things and all living human beings at any distance. He put his theory into a structure and called it Animal Magnetism.
The immediate source of Mesmer's ethereal fluid was Richard Mead's (1673-1754) De imperio solis ac lunae in corpora humana et morbis inde oriundis (London, 1704), a work from which Mesmer's doctoral thesis drew upon heavily enough to perhaps even be considered almost plagiarised. Mead had postulated strongly that gravity produced tides in the atmosphere as well as in water and that the planets could therefore affect the fluidal balance of the human body.Recent in Europea and Amercia,
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While he was a medical student at the University of Vienna, Mesmer was impressed by the writings of the Renaissance mystic physician Paracelsus (Theophrastus Philippus Aureolus Bombastus von Hohenheim, (1493-1541) and attempted to rationalise a belief in astrological influences on human health as the result of planetary forces through a subtle, invisible fluid. After Paracelsus, many learned men of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries – Glocenius, Burgrave, Helinotius, Robert Fludd, Kircher, and Maxwell- believed that in the magnet they could recognise the properties of that universal principle by which minds addicted to generalisation thought that all natural phenomena might be explained.
These men wrote voluminous books, filled with sterile discussions, with unproven assertions, and with contemptible arguments. Mesmer drew largely from these sources; it can't be disputed that he had read some of the many books, devoted by early authors to the study of magnetism, although such study was then expressly forbidden.
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